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Guillaume Apollinaire (; 26 August 1880, Rome – 9 November 1918, Paris) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish descent. Apollinaire is considered one of the foremost poets of the early 20th century, as well as one of the most impassioned defenders of Cubism and a forefather of Surrealism. He is credited for coining the term ''Cubism'' (1911) to describe the new art movement, the term "Orphism" (1912), and the term "Surrealism" (1917) to describe the works of Erik Satie. He wrote one of the earliest works described as Surrealist, the play ''The Breasts of Tiresias'' (1917), which was used as the basis for the 1947 opera ''Les mamelles de Tirésias''. Two years after being wounded in World War I, he died in the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 at age 38. ==Life== Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki was born in Rome, Italy, and was raised speaking French, Italian, and Polish. He emigrated to France in his late teens and adopted the name Guillaume Apollinaire. His mother, born Angelika Kostrowicka, was a Polish noblewoman born near Navahrudak, Grodno Governorate (present-day Belarus). His maternal grandfather was a general in the Russian Imperial Army who was killed in the Crimean War. Apollinaire's father is unknown but may have been Francesco Costantino Camillo Flugi d'Aspermont (born 1835-), a Graubünden aristocrat who disappeared early from Apollinaire's life. Francesco Flugi von Aspermont was a descendant of Conradin Flugi d'Aspermont (1787-1874) a poet who wrote in ladin puter (the language spoken in Engiadina ota), and perhaps also of the Minnesänger Oswald von Wolkenstein (born ~1377, died 2 August 1445) (Les ancêtres Grisons du poète Guillaume Apollinaire, Généanet ). Apollinaire eventually moved from Rome to Paris and became one of the most popular members of the artistic community of Paris (both in Montmartre and Montparnasse). His friends and collaborators in that period included Pablo Picasso, Henri Rousseau, Gertrude Stein, Max Jacob, André Salmon, André Breton, André Derain, Faik Konica, Blaise Cendrars, Pierre Reverdy, Alexandra Exter, Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie, Ossip Zadkine, Marc Chagall, Marcel Duchamp and Jean Metzinger. He became romantically involved with Marie Laurencin, who is often identified as his muse. In late 1909 or early 1910, Metzinger painted a Cubist portrait of Apollinaire. In his ''Vie anecdotique'' (October 16, 1911), the poet proudly writes: "I am honoured to be the first model of a Cubist painter, Jean Metzinger, for a portrait exhibited in 1910 at the Salon des Indépendants." It was not only the first Cubist portrait, according to Apollinaire, but it was also the first great portrait of the poet exhibited in public, prior to others by Louis Marcoussis, Amedeo Modigliani, Pablo Picasso and Mikhail Larionov.〔Jean Metzinger, 1910, (Portrait of Guillaume Apollinaire ), Christie's Paris, 2007.〕 In 1911 he joined the Puteaux Group, a branch of the Cubist movement soon to be known as the Section d'Or. The opening address of the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or—the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition—was given by Apollinaire.〔(La Section d'Or ), Numéro spécial, 9 Octobre 1912.〕〔(The History and Chronology of Cubism ), p. 5.〕 On 7 September 1911, police arrested and jailed him on suspicion of aiding and abetting the theft of the ''Mona Lisa'' and a number of Egyptian statuettes from the Louvre,〔〔("Un homme de lettres connu est arrêté comme recéleur" ), ''Le Petit Parisien'', 9 September 1911 (in French).〕 but released him a week later. These thefts were committed by Vincenzo Peruggia, born in Italy, to whom Apollinaire gave shelter, and Apollinaire voluntarily surrendered a number of stolen statuettes left behind by him. Apollinaire implicated his friend Pablo Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning in the theft of the ''Mona Lisa'', but he was also exonerated.〔Richard Lacayo, ("Art's Great Whodunit: The Mona Lisa Theft of 1911" ), ''Time Magazine'', 27 April 2009.〕 Apollinaire was active as a journalist and art critic for ''Le Matin'', ''Intransigeant'', and ''Paris Journal''. He once called for the Louvre to be burnt down. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Guillaume Apollinaire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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